All the latest and greatest innovations in television technologies were supposed to usher in an era of television unlike anything we have ever seen before. These technologies brought with them the promise of never having to sit through another commercial again. The rise and proliferation of DVR technology along with the advent of a subscription model for on demand programming and OTT (over-the-top) content was touted as a revolution of the television industry. Instead these technologies appear to be ushering us all the way back to television’s earliest days of sponsorship programming.
The sponsorship programming model is as old as television itself and to put it simply, it allows for a sponsor to pay for the cost of a show in exchange for having their product integrated into the content of the show itself, often times having the show’s stars pitch the product directly to their viewer while still in character. This is different from the model most of us have known our entire television watching lives, in which the network puts up the money for the show who then attempt to recoup their money and then some by selling advertising blocks around the content of the show. Those who are instituting today’s modern version of sponsorship prefer to call it branded content, or product placement, or advertiser funded programming but no matter the name the end result is the same, an undeniable return of the sponsorship model.
Nonbelievers need only to look at the two videos posted at the top of this post to see that the sponsorship model has made its way back to television in a major way. The advertising techniques used to sell cars in a 1957 episode of I Love Lucy and a 2011 episode of Bones are eerily similar. The first video clip is pure sponsorship model as the advertisement is inserted into the opening of an episode of I Love Lucy with the stars of the show there to sell the audience on the latest technological advancement from Ford Motors, the automatic retractable hardtop. The second clip also has the advertising inserted into the content of the show, this time in the middle of the episode. Here too the characters from the show are selling their audience on the latest technological advancement, this time from Toyota, automatic parking. Both instances even showcase the simplicity of the technology, just push a button (it’s so easy a girl can do it) and a giddy appreciation from the men about the new feature despite the agonizingly slow pace at which the technology works.
There is of course one major difference. The modern day version of sponsorship is not purely a sponsorship model but rather a hybrid as it of course still uses the commercial breaks to help pay for programming and outside of the integrated commercial the control of the content still rests with the network not the advertiser. Still we have entered into an era in which a show can be inextricably associated with a product the way that The Texaco Star Theater once was. It is difficult to think about a show like Chuck without thinking about Subway, the show’s sponsor. The Finale and Footlong campaign in which fans of the show attempted to show their collective buying power by purchasing Subway sandwiches en masse is what actually saved Chuck from cancellation after season 2. The show continued to exist essentially for the purpose of promoting its sponsored product, Subway sandwiches.
But why are we seeing the return of the sponsorship model at all, in any form? Well the US has always relied on an advertising model to pay for television content as oppose to say licensing fees or taxes as other countries have utilized in the past, we are after all a capitalist nation. Yet the proliferation of DVR technology has made it incredibly easy to skip commercials and watch a show at one’s own convenience, perhaps even stacking up multiple episodes or even an entire season for binge watching. Some have even cut the cord altogether, choosing instead to watch programming on demand through a paid subscription service like Netflix to avoid advertisers. So of course this trend of commercial avoidance leaves broadcast and cable television vulnerable as less people watching commercials means less money advertisers are willing to spend on those commercial blocks. They need to make up this lost income somehow and the answer for now appears to be a return to sponsorship programming.
These advertisers have not forgotten about those consumers who pay a subscription fee to avoid advertisements. The WWE Network is an OTT service that offers access, through a monthly fee, to their massive archive of wrestling events including all their prior PPVs and live access to current PPVs (terminology has not evolved as quickly as the technology) along with other original programming. Their largest PPV of the year WrestleMania 32 perhaps follows more closely to the sponsorship model than network and cable television as the intro showcases that it was presented by Snickers and the program even included a “commercial break” that was made to appear as part of the show. You can hear the live crowd react to what they at first thought to be a backstage segment involving a wrestler who won a championship earlier in the show. I say this is closer to the sponsorship model in that there are no commercial blocks to sell, the only advertisements come from the show’s sponsor and this commercial only aired once, exclusively for WrestleMania 32. Of course this isn’t the sole source of income for the content as they do collect a monthly fee from their customers.
Other on demand subscription services are not immune either. Hulu has always offered commercials whether you subscribe or not (they now offer a commercial free version for a little more money) but advertisers have the option to sponsor entire collections of shows on Hulu, such as Fall TV on Hulu, or Hulu for the Holidays, essentially serving as a sponsor to your viewing of an entire cavalcade of shows. Netflix may be better at avoiding this sponsorship model but even they, like Hulu, depend on television shows like Bones and Chuck to fill out their on demand content and the sponsorship model implemented within those shows gets an opportunity to live again on these streaming services. A relatively new experience considering rebroadcasts or DVDs of I Love Lucy do not include any of the sponsorship material that originally aired as part of the show.
With every day that passes we continue to creep closer and closer to this sponsorship model of the past. Perhaps the most telling sign of its seemingly imminent return is Saturday Night Live allowing six opportunities per year for the show’s advertisers to work directly with its writing staff to create original work that promotes their brands. And like the sponsorship of the past this will allow for the elimination of commercials, well at least two commercial breaks per episode. That’s 3o% of their current commercial offerings gone. The fragmented nature of late night talk and sketch comedy shows are particularly vulnerable to modern on demand viewing. There is no need to stay in or up late to watch these shows when you can now watch them at your own convenience. There isn’t even a need to watch the entire program as you can simply watch a clip of the sketch that interests you or happens to be trending on Twitter or posted on Facebook and talked about in the news. SNL sponsors are surely hoping that their original content will be the ones that go viral in the future. With all this momentum building, one has to wonder how much longer before a show decides to completely eliminate commercial breaks and return to a full sponsorship model?
“Corporations and consumers are in a coercive arms race,” is how Rushkoff (1999) explained this phenomenon in which a society becomes aware of the coercive techniques used against them and collectively rejects them forcing new techniques to be developed to continue the cycle. What was unforeseen by Rushkoff was that this “arms race” could recycle old techniques after it had been out of use for an appropriate amount of time. I assume this time to be just long enough that the majority of consumers had not experienced the technique in their lifetime. Perhaps it is appropriate then that this era of television (on demand services included) shares a name with its 1950s height of sponsorship counterpart. So sit back, relax and enjoy, cause it’s the Golden Age of Television… again.